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Icelandic Law on a Health-Sector Database



               Association for Ethics in Science and Medicine
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MANNVERND is an association formed to promote ethical standards in
medical research, science and in the biotechnology industry in Iceland. The
association strongly opposes the Icelandic government's Law on a
Health-Sector Database. The association believes that this law infringes
upon accepted medical, scientific and commercial standards. The association
fought hard against the Bill on a Health-Sector Database during
parliamentary debate. Now that the law has been enacted the fight is
directed against the implementation of the law. The controversy is
summarized here(see also Mannvernd's agenda).
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04.05.1999
    Mannvernd lodges a formal complaint to the EFTA Surveillance Authority
     On behalf of Mannvernd SupremeCourt Advocate, Stefán Geir ?órisson,
     lodges a complaint concerning the failure by the Government of Iceland
     to honour its obligations under the EEA Agreement, with the entry into
     force of the Act No. 139/1998 on a Health Sector Database.

02.05.1999
    Decoding developments in Iceland
     Bernhard Palsson of Univ. Califdornia at San Diego and Snorri
     Thorgeirsson of of National cancer Institute in Bethesda MD write in
     Nature Biotechnology May 1999.   Available in .pdf format here

28.04.1999
    26 % of the public fears misuse of the information
     12 % intend to opt-out of the database, 21 % are undecided or refuse to
     answer. Results of a poll in the Icelandic daily, Dagur

24.04.1999
    The Prime Minister and the Bishop of the Church of Iceland exchange of
letters because of a short story
     exPORT Mountains, Inc.irritates the PM and amuses the Bishop

24.04.1999
    exPORT Mountains, Inc.     A short story by Örn Bár?ur Jónsson
     ``Peter Glacierson was like the northern gannet, the sula. ... He was
     incredibly sharp and wherever he went he saw the glitter of gold.'' Örn
     Bár?ur heads the education department of the Church of Iceland

23.04.1999
    World Medical Association opposes Icelandic gene database
     The British Medical Journal reports

23.04.1999
    Wellcome Trust and drug giants fund gene marker database of SNP markers
     "The members of the consortium believe that free and unrestricted
     access to this powerful tool will benefit scientific inquiry in
     industry, government, academic, and independent laboratories," The
     British Medical Journal reports

17.04.1999
    The World Medical Association, Inc. confirms its committment to patient
confidentiality.
     Having heard representations this week from both the Icelandic
     Government and the Icelandic Medical Association about the creation of
     a national health database in Iceland, the World Medical Association
     Council has reaffirmed its commitment to patient confidentiality, the
     principle of informed consent and the freedom of scientific research.

14.04.1999
    The Assent of A Nation, Genethics and Iceland
     Melvin G McInnis, M.D., MRCPsych, Associate Professor of Psychiatry at
     Johns Hopkins writes a critical review about the Icelandic database
     issue in Clinical Genetics, Vol. 55 issue 4, bls. 234 - 239 Here is a
     copy as a WORD.doc

08.03.1999
    Árni Björnsson, ret. chief of Plastic Surgery, refuses to hand over
confidential health records to database
     The purpose of publishing this letter can be seen as a protective act
     for the writers patients, protection for himself and a precedent for
     other phycisans who will soon be in the same circumstances.

08.03.1999
    Professor Leroy Hood on the monopoly on the Icelandic Health Sector
Database in Berlingske Tidende in Copenhagen
     `... or else we risk that individual firms can block the global
     research'

04.03.1999
    Conflict of interest in the National Bioethics Committee
     Minister of Health, confirmed that Dr. Gudmundur Thorgeirsson is
     serving both as chairman of the National Bioethics Committee and on the
     scientific board of deCODE genetics

22.02.1999
    ``DNA PROJECT RAISES FEW FEARS IN ICELAND'' Chicago Tribune
     Lara Weber, Tribune Staff Writer, February 21, 1999.

22.02.1999
    ``Attention Shoppers: Special Today -- Iceland's DNA'' CNN
     Jeffrey P. Kahn, Ph.D., M.P.H. on CNN ethics matters: Selling the right
     to mine for genetic secrets ... Turning consent on its head ...
     Population research, personal risk

22.02.1999
    Parliamentary queries to the Minister of Health by Hjörleifur
Guttormsson, Member of Parliament
     Guttormsson queries about conflict of interest in the National
     Bioethics Committee, about the relationship of health workers to the
     licensee, about the HSD licence, about payments, about safety in
     operating the HSD, about execution of the law on HSD, and about the use
     of information from the HSD

22.02.1999
    ``Profiling an Entire Nation'' ABC News
     Richard Gizbert, 18 February. Iceland has OK'd a plan to map genetic
     profiles of each of its citizens, and sell access to the information.

19.02.1999
    ``A tort ou à raison, l'Islande veut être le laboratoire de la génétique
de demain'' LE TEMPS
     Luc Debraine writes in Le Temps in Schwitzerland 17 February

19.02.1999
    ``An Icelandic saga unveils life's secrets'' The Times
     Generations of medical records could be a Pandora's Box,writes Michael
     Binyon on 13 February

14.02.1999
    ``Medical records posted on Internet'' Student discovers error at
University of Michigan
     ``This isn't the first time patient privacy has been broached ...
     Associated Press contributed to this report''

10.02.1999
    ``Iceland: The selling of a nation's genetic code'' by Jackie Crosby /
Star Tribune
     "That disturbs me. What will they find out about me? How will they use
     this information? What about my young children?" ... "We don't want to
     be 270,000 Trumans in a medical version of the Truman Show,"

08.02.1999
    People Are Not Commodities. By R.C. LEWONTIN
     ,,At least the modern Icelanders' Viking ancestors made no pretense
     that their raids and piratical activities were in the public
     interest.`` R.C Lewontin professor at Harvard writes an Op-Ed article
     for the The New York Times

08.02.1999
    Iceland, the Nation of Clones
     ,,The actual motives behind all this are, of course, ambition and good
     old love of lucre, and everyone seems to have the genes for those.``
     Simon Mawer writes an Op-Ed article for The New York Times

06.02.1999
    Professor R.C. Lewontin replies to J.B. Petursson of DV
     R.C. Lewontin answers DV after vituperative attacks from deCODE's
     Stefansson

06.02.1999
    Promise profit and health benefits but fulfill no promises
     ProfessorR.C. Lewontin of Harvard on the moneymaking schemes of science
     in an interview with DV:

06.02.1999
    Hijacked Medical Records. Bogi Andersen writes in the Washington Post
     ``Embarrassingly, the Icelandic government has ignored our constitution
     and sided with a Delaware corporation over considerations for patients'
     rights, individual liberties and scientific progress.''

02.02.1999
    The myth of uniform, blond and blue eyed Icelanders dispelled
     Mr. Hannibalsson, Iceland's Ambassador to Washington, writes in the
     Washington Post and dispells the myth of the uniformity of the
     Icelanders

01.02.1999
    Kari Stefanson's Pyrrhic Victory
     ``Romans are not the only ones who are resilient. Mannvernd is
     resilient ...'' Editorial in Icelandic daily DV by Mr. Jonas
     Kristjansson, chief editor

01.02.1999
    Exclusive tools for the future
     Bogi Andersen and Einar Arnason in BMJ:``Instead of giving deputy
     secretaries an assignment to provide misleading information to the
     international scientific and medical communities to cover up ethical
     deficiencies of the law, our government should change or abolish it.''

29.01.1999
    ``Exaggeration and nonsense''
     Kari Stefansson on the New York Timesarticle by a world-famous
     professor of genetics. ``- that an Icelandic professor and opponent of
     the database added to fuel the fire,'' Stefansson says.

29.01.1999
    Boycott
     The world-famous Harvard-professor, Richard C. Lewontin, suggested
     publicly last year that Iceland might be excluded from international
     scientific cooperation

29.01.1999
    Kari Stefansson slams the phone
     ... when the threesome were on the air in Australian radio it became
     clear that it was all to no avail. Kari Stefansson slammed the phone.
     The Australians, however, were quite surprised...

18.12.1998
    Iceland ``sold down the river.'' Make a PROTEST here
     Bill on Health Sector Database voted into law. A disgrace. How the vote
     in parliament went; who said YES, who said NO, and who were ABSENT.

15.01.1999
    Clinton's State of the Union speech
     ``As more of our medical records are stored electronically, the threats
     to all our privacy increase. Because Congress has given me the
     authority to act if it does not do so by August, one way or another, we
     can all say to the American people we will protect the privacy of
     medical records and we will do it this year.''

15.01.1999
    The only issue is scientific advances
     Bogi Andersen of UC San Diego after reading article by John Schwartz of
     The Washington Post. ``When the CEO of deCODE states: `We're not going
     to let people die simply because it might be abused', one is reminded
     of OJ Simpson declaring that he is looking for the real killers of his
     wife.''

14.01.1999
    Viking wars
     ``Doctors and scientists are threatening to sabotage the transfer of
     the medical, genetic and genealogical records of all Icelanders to a
     private company.'' writes Andy Coghlan in the New Scientist 9 January
     1999

12.01.1999
    ``Iceland to make its Genetic Code a Commodity''
     The Washington Post. John Schwartz writes.

12.01.1999
    ``Private company wins rights to Icelandic gene database''
     British Medical Journal 1999; 318:11. Abi Berger, science correspondent
     writes about the Database

02.01.1999
    ``WEBSITE OF THE WEEK. British Medical Journal 1999; 318:66''
     "News of a government planning to sell the genetic information of its
     entire population to a single company (DeCODE) must raise a few
     eyebrows among those concerned about civil liberties"

18.12.1998
    ``has the Independence Party accepted money from the Icelandic deCODE
genetics or it's partners?''
     The Icelandic newspaper Dagur asks Prime Minister Mr. David Oddsson,
     chairman of the IP

18.12.1998
    The Faroese reject collaboration with Kari
     The Icelandic newspaper DV reports on Kari Stefansson's forays into
     neigboring countries

12.12.1998
    New bosses, new customs
     Geneticist Alfred Arnason questions Kari Stefansson about MS

12.12.1998
    Letter to Mr. Guy Nohra
     16 Icelandic physicians write an open letter to deCODE Delaware
     investors and board members and ask about their position on ethical
     behavior

11.12.1998
    Status of the bill on Health Sector Database
     Latest news and commentaries on the case

11.12.1998
    Kari reaching for the hot springs
     DV on December 10. 1998: deCODE getting monopolies in every field

11.12.1998
    Supreme Court Ruling: fisheries control unconstitutional
     Analogy with monopoly granting of health sector database

10.12.1998
    Report of the University of Iceland Medical School´s Committee on
medical databases
     No bill regarding such a database can be enacted into law before we
     have updated legislation on privacy protection and enacted new
     legislation regarding collection, processing and use of medical and
     genetic information

10.12.1998
    A biased database hurts people
     Einar Árnason's Lecture at the meeting of Mannvernd in the Nordic
     House, Reykjavik on December 3. 1998

10.12.1998
    The GREENS in the European Parliament
     Greens Support Call for Suspension of the Draft Icelandic Law.

07.12.1998
    "Proposal for a health database is not acceptable in its present form"
     "My opinion is that the current proposal for a health database is not
     acceptable in its present form, on grounds of consent, confidentiality
     or the granting of an effective monopoly of a crucial scientific
     resource to a single company." David King, Editor GenEthics News

07.12.1998
    "To shoot oneself in the foot"
     Pall Kr. Palsson, from the inner circle of the Prime Minister's
     advisers, rejects the proposed monopoly

06.12.1998
    "No information about patients unless they permit
     44 General Practioners sign a letter to Parliament

05.12.1998
    Genes for sale
     Editorial, New Scientist, 5 December 1998: The database question in
     Iceland raises ethical questions of major importance. These issues
     concern everybody, everywhere. The move is of global importance. They
     are not private matters of the Icelanders. There is an appeal: "For the
     sake of us all, Iceland must get it right." "Unfortunately for Iceland
     [and for the world], the details of its bill look all wrong."
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04.12.1998 Decoding genes in Iceland
     writes John Edwards
03.12.1998 A summary of the many opinions submitted to the Health Committee
of Alþingi
     This summary shows that only those who collaborate with or are hired by
     deCODE Genetics agree with the Bill. All other parties reject the bill
     and its main ideas!
02.12.1998 The Competition and Fair Trade Authority rejects the monopoly
     The Authority concludes that granting sole rights to the operation of a
     database is in conflict with the EEA contract and Icelandic law on
     competition....
02.12.1998 The Icelandic Office for Human Rights
     opposes the bill. Excerpts from the opinion to parliament...
01.12.1998 The Bishop of the Church of Iceland breaks the "deathly silence"
     Tread slowly and with utmost care in these matters, referrring to the
     database.
30.11.1998 The Health committee of Althingi
     concludes its examination. The main critisism against the bill has not
     been taken into account by the committee. A monopoly and "presumed
     consen"t are still proposed.
30.11.1998 Found and then lost?
     The newspaper DV on discrepancies in reporting by deCODE workers in the
     description of deCODE's MS-gene discovery
30.11.1998 "Has deCODE Genetics found the MS gene?"
     The Icelandic newspapers DV and Morgunbladid and TV station 2 reported
     in late August 1998 that scientists at deCODE Genetics have found the
     MS gene. Or have they? Some deCODE scientists don't seem so sure
     anymore....
27.11.1998 The National Bioethics Committee warns against..
     the Bill on the Health Sector Database and urges that legislation of
     this kind not be passed...
27.11.1998 The Nordic Committee on Bioethics expresses concerns
     "The bill does not seem to provide satisfactory regulation for the
     operation of the database. We think that it is necessary that all
     future research on the data be reviewed by a science ethics
     committee...."
24.11.1998 The base cracked and the church's deathly silence
     Vilhjalmur Arnason, Professor of Philosophy: " ... issue of such
     ethical importance ... be dealt with in this way without the pillars of
     free debate making their voice heard. Or is the church perhaps not one
     of their number?"
22.11.1998 Kari Stefansson about overstating the case abroad
     "These assertions are completely wrong", says Kari Stefansson about
     headlines in the Icelandic newspaper DV on November 20th....
22.11.1998 Kari stretches the truth abroad
     Kari Stefansson reports a "remarkable discovery" in a foreign science
     journal. "Overstates the case", says Professor Reynir Tomas
     Geirsson....
12.11.1998 Confusion of terms?
     "Ópersónugreinanlegur", an Icelandic word meaning that a person is not
     identifiable. The bill does not use the concept "anonymous"...
7.11.1998 "Assault on Democracy"
     Says neuropsychiatrist Ernir Snorrason, co-founder/major shareholder of
     deCODE Genetics, in a frank interview with DV, a leading Icelandic
     newspaper (also in swedish, click here)
03.11.1998 Ernir Snorrason, one of the three founders of deCODE Genetics and
a major stockholder, opposes the database Bill
02.11.1998 Icelandic Medical Association Ethics Committe: Comments on the
Database Bill


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                                        The board of Mannvernd is

                                     * Sigmundur Guðbjarnarson,
                                       Professor,
                                       former Rector University of
                                       Iceland
                                     * Petur Hauksson, MD, Chairman
                                       of
                                       Gedhjalp
    Mannvernd                        * Laufey Tryggvadottir,
    PO  Box 94, 112 Reykjavik          epidemiologist
    Tel: 354-881-7194                * Anna Atladottir, medical
    mannvernd@simnet.is                secretary
                                     * Fridrik R. Jonsson, engineer