[Random-bits] A person of ordinary skill not an automaton: The US Supreme court in KSR
James Packard Love
james.love@keionline.org
Tue May 1 07:24:02 2007
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Begin forwarded message:
From: James Packard Love <james.love@keionline.org>
Date: April 30, 2007 9:47:18 PM EDT
To: Ip-health <ip-health@lists.essential.org>
Subject: [Ip-health] A person of ordinary skill not an automaton: The =20=
US Supreme court in KSR
http://www.keionline.org/index.php?option=3Dcom_content&task=3Dview&id=3D4=
5
A person of ordinary skill not an automaton: The US Supreme court in KSR
Some excepts from the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in KSR International
KSR INTERNATIONAL CO. v. TELEFLEX INC. ET AL. No. 04=961350. Argued
November 28, 2006=97Decided April 30, 2007 (On the web here: http://
www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/06pdf/04-1350.pdf)
The obviousness analysis cannot be confined by a formalistic
conception of the words teaching, suggestion, and motivation, or by
over emphasis on the importance of published articles and the
explicit content of issued patents. The diversity of inventive
pursuits and of modern technology counsels against limiting the
analysis in this way. In many fields it may be that there is little
discussion of obvious techniques or combinations, and it often may be
the case that market demand, rather than scientific literature, will
drive design trends. Granting patent protection to advances that
would occur in the ordinary course without real innovation retards
progress and may, in the case of patents combining previously known
elements, deprive prior inventions of their value or utility. [page 15]
The second error of the Court of Appeals lay in its assumption that a
person of ordinary skill attempting to solve a problem will be led
only to those elements of prior art designed to solve the same
problem. [page 16]
Common sense teaches . . . that familiar items may have obvious uses
beyond their primary purposes, and in many cases a person of ordinary
skill will be able to fit the teachings of multiple patents together
like pieces of a puzzle. [page 16-17]
A person of ordinary skill is also a person of ordinary creativity,
not an automaton. [page 17]
The same constricted analysis led the Court of Appeals to conclude,
in error, that a patent claim cannot be proved obvious merely by
showing that the combination of elements was =93obvious to try.=94 Id.,
at 289 (internal quotation marks omitted). When there is a design
need or market pressure to solve a problem and there are a finite
number of identified, predictable solutions, a person of ordinary
skill has good reason to pursue the known options withinhis or her
technical grasp. If this leads to the anticipated success, it is
likely the product not of innovation but of ordinary skill and common
sense. In that instance the fact that a combination was obvious to
try might show that it was obvious under =A7103. [page 17]
The Court of Appeals, finally, drew the wrong conclusionfrom the risk
of courts and patent examiners falling preyto hindsight bias. A
factfinder should be aware, of course, of the distortion caused by
hindsight bias and must becautious of arguments reliant upon ex post
reasoning. See Graham, 383 U. S., at 36 (warning against a
=93temptationto read into the prior art the teachings of the invention
in issue=94 and instructing courts to =93=91guard against slipping into =
the
use of hindsight=92=94 (quoting Monroe Auto Equip-ment Co. v. Heckethorn
Mfg. & Supply Co., 332 F. 2d 406, 412 (CA6 1964))). Rigid
preventative rules that deny factfinders recourse to common sense,
however, are nei-ther necessary under our case law nor consistent
with it. [page17]
We build and create by bringing to the tangible and palpable reality
around us new works based on instinct, simple logic, ordinary
inferences, extraordinary ideas, and sometimes even genius. These
advances, once part of our shared knowledge, define a new threshold
from which innovation starts once more. And as progress beginning
from higher levels of achievement is expected in the normal course,
the results of ordinary innovation are not the subject of exclusive
rights under the patent laws. Were it otherwise patents might stifle,
rather than promote, the progress of useful arts. See U. S. Const.,
Art. I, =A78, cl. 8. These premises led to the bar on patents claiming
obvious subject matter established in Hotchkiss and codified in =A7103.
Application of the bar must not be confined within a test or
formulation too constrained to serve its purpose. [page 23-24]
----------------------------------------------
James Packard Love
Knowledge Ecology International
http://www.keionline.org
james.love@keionline.org
Washington, DC +1.202.332.2670
"If everyone thinks the same: No one thinks." Bill Walton"
_______________________________________________
Ip-health mailing list
Ip-health@lists.essential.org
http://lists.essential.org/mailman/listinfo/ip-health
----------------------------------------------
James Packard Love
Knowledge Ecology International
http://www.keionline.org
james.love@keionline.org
Washington, DC +1.202.332.2670
"If everyone thinks the same: No one thinks." Bill Walton"
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<HTML><BODY style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; =
-khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><BR><DIV><BR><DIV>Begin =
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margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>From: =
</B></FONT><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px =
Helvetica">James Packard Love <<A =
href=3D"mailto:james.love@keionline.org">james.love@keionline.org</A>><=
/FONT></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" =
size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: =
#000000"><B>Date: </B></FONT><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica">April 30, 2007 9:47:18 PM =
EDT</FONT></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" =
size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: =
#000000"><B>To: </B></FONT><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica">Ip-health <<A =
href=3D"mailto:ip-health@lists.essential.org">ip-health@lists.essential.or=
g</A>></FONT></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" =
size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: =
#000000"><B>Subject: </B></FONT><FONT face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica"><B>[Ip-health] A person of ordinary =
skill not an automaton: The US Supreme court in KSR</B></FONT></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV> <DIV style=3D"margin-top:=
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A =
href=3D"http://www.keionline.org/index.php?option=3Dcom_content&task=3Dvie=
w&id=3D45">http://www.keionline.org/index.php?option=3Dcom_content&tas=
k=3Dview&id=3D45</A></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">A person of ordinary skill not =
an automaton: The US Supreme court in KSR</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Some excepts =
from the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in KSR International</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">KSR INTERNATIONAL CO. v. TELEFLEX INC. ET AL.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>No. 04=961350. =
Argued</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">November 28, 2006=97Decided =
April 30, 2007<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>(On the =
web here: http://</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/06pdf/04-1350.pdf)</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The =
obviousness analysis cannot be confined by a formalistic</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">conception of the words teaching, suggestion, and =
motivation, or by</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">over emphasis on the importance =
of published articles and the</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">explicit =
content of issued patents. The diversity of inventive</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">pursuits and of modern technology counsels against =
limiting the</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">analysis in this way. In many =
fields it may be that there is little</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">discussion of obvious techniques or combinations, and it often may =
be</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; ">the case that market demand, rather than =
scientific literature, will</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">drive design =
trends. Granting patent protection to advances that</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">would occur in the ordinary course without real =
innovation retards</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">progress and may, in the =
case of patents combining previously known</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">elements, deprive prior inventions of their value or utility. [page =
15]</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">The second error of the Court of Appeals lay in its =
assumption that a</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">person of ordinary skill =
attempting to solve a problem will be led</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">only to =
those elements of prior art designed to solve the same</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">problem.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>[page 16]</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Common sense teaches . . . that familiar items may =
have obvious uses</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">beyond their primary purposes, =
and in many cases a person of ordinary</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">skill =
will be able to fit the teachings of multiple patents together</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">like pieces of a<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>puzzle.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>[page 16-17]</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">A person =
of ordinary skill is also a person of ordinary creativity,</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">not an automaton. [page 17]</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The same =
constricted analysis led the Court of Appeals to conclude,</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">in error, that a patent claim cannot be proved =
obvious merely by</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">showing that the combination of =
elements was =93obvious to try.=94 Id.,</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">at 289 =
(internal quotation marks omitted). When there is a design</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">need or market pressure to solve a problem and there =
are a finite</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">number of identified, =
predictable solutions, a person of ordinary</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top:=
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">skill =
has good reason to pursue the known options withinhis or her</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">technical grasp. If this leads to the anticipated =
success, it is</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">likely the product not of =
innovation but of ordinary skill and common</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top:=
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">sense. =
In that instance the fact that a combination was obvious to</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">try might show that it was obvious under =A7103.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>[page 17]</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The =
Court of Appeals, finally, drew the wrong conclusionfrom the =
risk</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">of courts and patent examiners =
falling preyto hindsight bias. A</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">factfinder =
should be aware, of course, of the distortion caused by</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">hindsight bias and must becautious of arguments =
reliant upon ex post</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">reasoning. See Graham, 383 =
U. S., at 36 (warning against a</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">=93temptationto=
read into the prior art the teachings of the invention</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">in issue=94 and instructing courts to =93=91guard =
against slipping into the</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">use of =
hindsight=92=94 (quoting Monroe Auto Equip-ment Co. v. =
Heckethorn</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Mfg. & Supply Co., 332 F. 2d =
406, 412 (CA6 1964))). Rigid</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">preventative =
rules that deny factfinders recourse to common sense,</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">however, are nei-ther necessary under our case law =
nor consistent</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">with it.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>[page17]</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">We build =
and create by bringing to the tangible and palpable reality</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">around us new works based on instinct, simple logic, =
ordinary</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">inferences, extraordinary ideas, =
and sometimes even genius. These</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">advances, =
once part of our shared knowledge, define a new threshold</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">from which innovation starts once more. And as =
progress beginning</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">from higher levels of =
achievement is expected in the normal course,</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">the results of ordinary innovation are not the =
subject of exclusive</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">rights under the patent =
laws. Were it otherwise patents might stifle,</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">rather than promote, the progress of useful arts. =
See U. S. Const.,</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Art. I, =A78, cl. 8. These =
premises led to the bar on patents claiming</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top:=
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">obvious =
subject matter established in Hotchkiss and codified in =A7103.</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Application of the bar must not be confined within a =
test or</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">formulation too constrained to =
serve its purpose.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>[page =
23-24]</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; =
">----------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">James Packard Love</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Knowledge Ecology International</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A =
href=3D"http://www.keionline.org">http://www.keionline.org</A></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; "><A =
href=3D"mailto:james.love@keionline.org">james.love@keionline.org</A></DIV=
><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Washington, DC +1.202.332.2670</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">"If =
everyone thinks the same: No one thinks." Bill Walton"</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; =
">_______________________________________________</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Ip-health mailing list</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
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href=3D"mailto:Ip-health@lists.essential.org">Ip-health@lists.essential.or=
g</A></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A =
href=3D"http://lists.essential.org/mailman/listinfo/ip-health">http://list=
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margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV> </DIV><BR><DIV> <SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"border-collapse: separate; =
border-spacing: 0px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; =
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"><DIV>----------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV>James =
Packard Love</DIV><DIV>Knowledge Ecology International</DIV><DIV><A =
href=3D"http://www.keionline.org">http://www.keionline.org</A></DIV><DIV><=
A =
href=3D"mailto:james.love@keionline.org">james.love@keionline.org</A></DIV=
><DIV>Washington, DC +1.202.332.2670</DIV><BR =
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thinks the same: No one thinks." Bill Walton"</DIV><DIV><BR =
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