[Random-bits] Rice (State) and Schwab (USTR) asked to not interfer with Thai efforts to use WTO flexibilities to buy generic AIDS medicines
James Love
james.love@cptech.org
Thu Dec 21 13:36:02 2006
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Today more than 140 organizations and individuals wrote to US =20
Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice and USTR head Susan Schwab, asking =20=
that the United States government not interfer with Thai efforts to =20
issue compulsory licenses on AIDS drugs. The letter follows =20
disclosures that the US embassy in Bangkok and the USTR offices in =20
Washington, DC have asked the Thailand government to enter into =20
negotiations with Merck before they execute a compulsory license on =20
the patents for the AIDS drug efavirenz. The letter follows:
http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/riceschwabthailand21dec06.pdf
http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/=20
riceschwabthailand21dec06.html
21 December 2006
Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice
U.S. Department of State
2201 C Street NW
Washington, DC 20520
Ambassador Susan Schwab
United States Trade Representative
600 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20508
Dear Secretary Rice and Ambassador Schwab:
We are writing to express our concern that the United States =20
Department of State and the United States Trade Representative have =20
intervened in the decision by the government of Thailand to issue a =20
compulsory license on patents for the AIDS drug efavirenz, and to =20
explain why the US government should refrain from such actions.
The US government is reportedly asking the Thai government to engage =20
in prior negotiation with patent owners before issuing compulsory =20
licenses. Not only is this not required under the World Trade =20
Organization (WTO) rules when the compulsory license is for =20
government use, it is not required under US law. What the WTO does =20
require is that Thailand "promptly" notify the patent owner when it =20
issues a compulsory license. Thailand has clearly done this. The US =20=
government should not be in the business of micro-managing Thailand's =20=
dealing with the patent owners, as long as Thailand abides by its WTO =20=
TRIPS obligations.
In 2001 the United States government and every other member of the =20
World Trade Organization (WTO) announced the signing of the Doha =20
Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health. This historic agreement said:
<begin quote>
We agree that the TRIPS Agreement does not and should not prevent =20=
members from taking measures to protect public health. Accordingly, =20
while reiterating our commitment to the TRIPS Agreement, we affirm =20
that the Agreement can and should be interpreted and implemented in a =20=
manner supportive of WTO members' right to protect public health and, =20=
in particular, to promote access to medicines for all.
In this connection, we reaffirm the right of WTO members to use, =20
to the full, the provisions in the TRIPS Agreement, which provide =20
flexibility for this purpose.
</end quote>
Thailand is obviously trying to do exactly what the Doha Declaration =20
promised it could. Respecting Thailand's decision to exercise its =20
right under the Doha declaration is not only a matter of concern for =20
Thai patients in need of affordable AIDS treatment, but also a matter =20=
of good faith in honoring America's international commitments.[1]
Patient advocates and others who are concerned about the AIDS crisis =20
have welcomed the compulsory license on efavirenz as a major step =20
forward for access to AIDS drugs in Thailand. Thailand has stood out =20=
among developing countries for its efforts to expand treatment =20
opportunities for AIDS patients, but the high price of newer drugs =20
like efavirenz is a significant hurdle for the long term =20
sustainability of AIDS treatment programs in Thailand and other =20
developing countries.
Experts who are struggling to implement treatment programs in =20
developing countries have concluded that it is essential to create a =20
competitive generics market for efavirenz and other newer AIDS drugs =20
that are patented in Brazil and other markets.[2]
Brazil did not have patents on medicines until 1996. For those AIDS =20
drugs invented before 1996, Brazil continues to purchase generic =20
versions. This has stimulated entry by generic manufacturers, =20
driving the prices of active pharmaceuticals ingredients (APIs) down =20
over time. For example, the global prices of APIs (per kilo) for =20
lamivudine (3TC) fell from more than $25 thousand dollars in 1996 to =20
$5 thousand by 1999, to less than $300 by 2004, illustrating the =20
dynamic nature of cost savings from generic competition.
In contrast, the global prices for products invented after 1996, and =20
protected by patent in Brazil, are much more expensive. This is =20
because, contrary to popular misconception, Brazil has not issued =20
compulsory licenses, and for AIDS drugs invented after 1996, only =20
buys from patent owners at negotiated prices. In a 2004 study by =20
the World Health Organization (WHO), the average API prices for six =20
AIDS drugs purchased as generics by Brazil were $382 to $582 per =20
kilo. For another six AIDS drugs that were patented in Brazil, the =20
average prices for generic APIs were $1,717 to $3,020. (See table =20
below). This illustrates the important role of economies of scale, =20
and the global impact of decisions by large purchasers to buy (or not =20=
buy) from generic suppliers.
Thailand's decision will have important consequences, not only for =20
Thailand, but for any developing country that needs to obtain low =20
cost generic products. If Thailand follows through and begins to buy =20=
from generic suppliers, it will create a larger global market for =20
generic products, stimulate competition, and lower prices everywhere =20
for the newer products.
While the benefits of expanded generic competition are widely =20
appreciated among experts, many developing countries have been =20
reluctant to issue compulsory licenses because of fears that the =20
United States government will oppose such actions and exert pressure.
We note also that the United States is itself a major purchaser of =20
AIDS drugs in developing countries, through our contributions to =20
PEPFAR and the Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria. Thus, any =20
action by Thailand to create more generic competition for the new =20
AIDS drugs will benefit the US taxpayers who are shouldering the =20
burden of these outlays.
Finally, we note that Thailand is among the countries that are =20
supporting proposals for a treaty on R&D in the World Health =20
Organization (WHO) new Intergovernmental Working Group on Public =20
Health and Innovation. We agree with those who suggest this is a =20
more appropriate way to address the US interest of sharing the global =20=
costs of medical R&D than policies that raise prices for AIDS drugs =20
and other essential medicines.
We ask that the United States government refrain from any opposition =20
or interference with the Thai efforts to use WTO flexibilities to buy =20=
generic AIDS medicines -- including pressuring or otherwise seeking =20
to persuade Thailand to engage in negotiations with Merck rather than =20=
proceed to execute the compulsory license it has issued - and =20
consider more constructive ways to promote our national interest in =20
matters concerning innovation and access to medicines.
NOTES
[1] The USTR has publicly stated that its side letters in some Free =20
Trade Agreements (FTAs) give countries flexibility to issue TRIPS-=20
compliant/Doha-fulfilling compulsory licenses. Efforts by the U.S. =20
to prevent or reverse the actual granting of such licenses raises =20
doubts about the credibility of the United States, making it more =20
difficult for the United States to achieve other objectives in our =20
FTA negotiations.
[2] See the August 2006, World Bank Report, "The Economics of =20
Effective AIDS Treatment: Evaluating Policy Options for Thailand." =20
Page169 states "by exercising compulsory licensing to reduce the cost =20=
of second line therapy by 90 percent, the government would reduce its =20=
future budgetary obligations by US$3.2 billion discounted through 2025."
2004 Prices of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Comparison of prices when products are purchased as generics in Brazil
Lowest ($) Highest($)
Products Brazil buys as generics
Didanosine (ddI) 450 850
Indinavir (IDV) 285 400
Lamivudine (3TC) 295 480
Nevirapine (NVP) 320 475
Stavudine (d4T) 580 775
Zidovudine (AZT) 360 510
=09
average $ 382 $ 582
=09
Products Brazil does not buy as generics
Abacavir (ABC) 1,500 3,500
Efavirenz (EFV) 1,200 1,600
Lopinavir (LPV) 2,900 4,000
Nelfinavir (NFV) 900 1,400
Ritonavir (RTV) 2,600 4,320
Saquinavir (SQV) 1,200 3,300
=09
average $ 1,717 $ 3,020
=09
Source: WHO, Sources and Prices of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, =20=
2004. http://www.who.int/entity/3by5/amds/en/API.pdf
Sincerely,
ACT UP East Bay, Oakland, CA
AIDS Policy Project, Philadelphia
American Jewish World Service
American Medical Student Association
Center for Health and Gender Equity (CHANGE)
Center for Policy Analysis on Trade and Health (CPATH)
Church World Service
Community HIV/AIDS Mobilization Project (CHAMP), Los Angeles, CA
Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech)
Corporate Responsibility Program, Province of St. Joseph of the =20
Capuchin Order
Edmonds Institute
Essential Action
Global AIDS Alliance
Harm Reduction Coalition
Health Gap
International AIDS Empowerment
Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns
Middle East Children=92s Alliance (MECA)
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
National Action Network, Kansas Chapter
Oxfam America
Peoples=92 Health Movement
Progressive Intellectual Property Law Association (PIPLA)
Results USA
Stop HIV/AIDS in India Initiative (SHAII)
Student Global AIDS Campaign
Treatment Action Group (TAG), New York, NY
Universities Allied for Essential Medicine (UAEM)
Malini Aisola, CPTech, Washington DC
Tali Averbuch, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
Professor Brook K. Baker, Program on Human Rights and the Global =20
Economy, Northeastern University School of Law, Boston, MA
Dean Baker, Co-Director, Center for Economic and Policy Research, =20
Washington, DC
Jon Beckler, paralegal, Stockton, CA
Anand Bhat, University of Texas Medical Branch MD program, Galveston, TX
Timothy Boyd, Policy Research Assistant, AIDS Healthcare Foundation =20
Los Angeles, CA
Garrett Brown, Coordinator, Maquiladora Health & Safety Support =20
Network, Berkeley, CA
Sister Judy Byron, OP, Northwest Coalition for Responsible =20
Investment, Seattle, WA
John Celichowski, OFM Cap, Corporate Responsibility Program Province =20=
of St. Joseph of the Capuchin Order, Milwaukee, WI
Jennifer Chase, MS, Epidemiologist, Fort Collins, CO
Sae-Rom Chae, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine =20
MD program, Chicago, IL
Mardge Cohen MD, Medical Director of WE-ACTx and Director of Women's =20
HIV Research, CORE Center, Chicago, IL
Andee Cooper, Uganda Program Manager, Foundation for International =20
Medical Relief of Children, Washington, DC
Christine Curry, Loyola University MD/PhD Program, Chicago, IL
Jim Daidson, Bellingham, WA
Michael H. Davis, Professor of Law, Cleveland State Univ. College of =20
Law and Director of PIPLA, the Progressive Intellectual Property Law =20
Association, Cleveland, OH
Marquita Decker, University of Texas Health Science Center MD/MPH =20
program, Houston, TX
Daniel A. del Portal, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine =20
MD program, Philadelphia, PA
Iuliana Dit, Wayne State University School of Medicine MD program, =20
Detroit, MI
S=E9amus Finn, OMI, Director, Justice Peace/Integrity of Creation =20
Office, Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
Anna Fiskin, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine MD =20
program, Cleveland, OH
Sean Flynn, Associate Director, Program on Information Justice and =20
Intellectual Property, American University, Washington College of =20
Law, Washington, DC
Alyson D. Follenius, MPH Candidate, The George Washington University =20
School of Public Health and Health Services Department of =20
Environmental & Occupational Health, Washington, DC
Mena Gorre, Public Affairs Manager, AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los =20
Angeles, CA
Dr. Vineeta Gupta, Director, Stop HIV/AIDS in India Initiative, =20
Washington, DC
Kimberly Hadley, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20
Kansas City, KS
Hillary Hai, Peace Corps Volunteer Thailand, Los Angeles, CA
Nathan Heckerson, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20=
Kansas City, KS
Ben Herbstman, Weill Medical College of Cornell University MD =20
program, New York, NY
Liza Goldman Huertas, Yale School of Medicine MD program, New Haven, CT
Amit Khera, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, =20
Philadelphia, PA
Jeremy Kirchoff, University of Kansas MD program, Lenexa, KS
Sathia Krishnamoorthy, Boston, MA
John Iversen, co-founder of the Berkeley Syringe Exchange, Oakland , CA
Emily Lawson, United States Peace Corps volunteer Thailand, Houston, TX
QuyChi Le, University of Kansas Medical School MD program, Olathe, KS
Roberta J. Lee, RN,MSN,MPH, Cincinnati, OH
Alexandra Liggatt, University of Kansas Medical School MD program, =20
Kansas City, KS
Jamison Litten, Peace Corps Volunteer, Peace Corps Thailand, Orinda, CA
Jing Luo, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine MD =20
program, Chicago, IL
Mary Manivong, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20
Kansas City, KS
John May, University of Kansas, School of Medicine MD program, Kansas =20=
City, KS
Dr David McCoy, B.Med, DrPH, Co-managing Editor Global Health Watch
Aimee McHale, JD, Graduate Student, University of North Carolina =20
School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
Bridget McHenry Ali, Program Manager, The White Ribbon Alliance for =20
Safe Motherhood, Washington, DC
Ann Mead, Graduate Student, George Washington University School of =20
Public Health, Washington, DC
Jon F. Merz, MBA, JD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Medical =20=
Ethics University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
Suerie Moon, Pre-Doctoral Candidate, Harvard University=92s John F. =20
Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, MA
James M Nordlund, Communications Director, Kansas Chapter of the =20
National Action Network, Stockton, KS
Amy Nunn, Doctoral Candidate, Population and International Health =20
Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Jeremy Ogusky, Metropolitan Washington Public Health Association, =20
Washington DC
Delane Olsen, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20
Wichita, KS
Kayla Oursler, MPH student, Boston University School of Public =20
Health, Boston, MA
Kevin Outterson, Professor of Law, West Virginia University, Hershey, PA
Giao Pham, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, Kansas =20=
City, KS
Thomas Pogge, Professor of Political Science, Columbia University, =20
New York, NY
Christin N. Price, Weill Medical College of Cornell University MD =20
program, New York, NY
Mary M. Puttmann, MSc, Georgetown University MD program, Washington, DC
Amit V. Raghavan, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD =20
Program, Wichita, KS
Srividhya Ragavan, Associate Professor of Law, University of Oklahoma =20=
Law Center, Norman, OK
Joana Ramos, MSW, Cancer Resources & Advocacy, Seattle, WA
Bridget Reutener, Graduate student, GW School of Public Health and =20
Health Services, Arlington, VA
Daniela Resh, Graduate student, GWU School of Public Health and =20
Health Services, Washington, DC
Maria Rishoi, Program Assistant, National Association of County and =20
City Health Officials, Washington, DC
Rosemary Ryan MMS, MD, Medical Mission Sisters Sector North America =20
Coordinator for Mission, Philadelphia, PA
Cathy Rowan, Corporate Responsibility Coordinator, Maryknoll Sisters, =20=
Bronx, NY
Emily E. Sanders, Legislative Assistant, US House of Representatives, =20=
Washington, DC
Helena M. Sause, OP, Member of the Dominican Sisters' Leadership =20
Team, Columbus, OH
Christie Shrestha, MPH, Clinical Research Coordinator, University of =20=
Kentucky Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY
S. Kendall Smith, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20=
Kansas City, MO
Susan K. Sell, Professor of Political Science and International =20
Affairs, the George Washington University, Washington, DC
Sural Shah, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine MD =20
program, Hershey, PA
David Sturza, Peace Corps Volunteer, Project Specialst, Don Jan =20
District People Living with HIV/AIDS (PHA) Group
Mary Sullivan, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center MD =20
program, El Paso, TX
Chong Kee Tan, CBA Specialist, Asian & Pacfific Islander Wellness =20
Center, San Francisco, CA
Sophia Tcheung, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center MD =20
program, Lubbock, Texas
Blair Thedinger, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20
Kansas City, KS
Sharon Treat, Executive Director, National Legislative Association on =20=
Prescription Drug Prices, Hallowell, ME
Laura Turiano, MS, PA-C, Right to Health Care Campaign, People's =20
Health Movement, Oakland, CA
Robert Ullom, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20
Kansas City, Kansas
Ashwin Vasan, Program Associate, Partners in Health, Ann Arbor, MI
Daniel Warren, Kansas University School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
Margaret Weber, Coordinator of Corporate Responsibility, Adrian =20
Dominican Sisters, Adrian, MI
Kristin Wilson, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =20
Kansas City, KS
Anne Woodruff, MPH Candidate, The George Washington University, =20
Washington, DC
Linda Pang, Thomas Jefferson University MD program, Philadelphia, PA
Nina Yamanis, MPH, Graduate Student of Public Health University of =20
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapal Hill, NC
Lea Zeldin, Editor, Health Writers, Madison, WI
Non-US groups and individuals
Actions Traitements, Paris, France
ACT UP Paris, France
Asia Pacific Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (APN+), Bangkok, =20
Thailand.
Association de Lutte Contre le SIDA (ALCS), Morocco
Association SunAids, Douala, Cameroon
European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG), Brussels, Belgium
Fundaci=F3n Apoyo y Solidaridad, Cali, Colombia
Japanese Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (JaNP+), Tokyo, Japan
Latin American Network of PLWHA - RedLa+
Tuberculosis Television (TBTV), Laval, France
Thai AIDS Treatment Action Group (TTAG), Bangkok, Thailand
World AIDS Campaign, Amsterdam
Jorge Bermudez, ENSP/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Maurice Cassier, CNRS, Paris, France
Julien Chauveau, researcher/ORS-Inserm, Marseille, France
Benjamin Coriat, University Paris XIII, Paris, France
Bernard Couttolenc, PhD / USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
D. Cyrillo, Dr/USP, Sao Paul, Brazil
Elize Massard da Fonseca, Ministry of Public Health and PHD =20
Candidate, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Daniel de Beer, Lawyer, Vrij Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Katy De Clercq, staff member, Sensoa, Antwerp, Belgium
Marcio De Sa, PNDST/AIDS, Brasilia, Brazil
V=E9ronique Dor=E9, Head Social Sciences/ANRS, Paris, France
Lia Hasenclever, IE-UFRT, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
Naoko Kawana, Advocacy Coordinator, Japanese Network of People Living =20=
with HIV/AIDS
Gaelle Krikorian, CRESP, University Paris XIII/EHESS/inserm, Paris, =20
France
Bernard Larouze, Inserm, Paris, France
Constance Meiners, MS/SAS, Brasilia, Brazil
Jean-Paul Moatti, University de la M=E9diterran=E9e, Inserm, Marseille, =
=20
France
Mulumba Moses, The Law Development Centre, Kampala Uganda
Heeseob Nam, Chairperson, Patent Attorney / Intellectual Property =20
Left, Horizon Law Group, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Fabienne Orsi, University Paris XIII, Paris, France
Ethel Pengel, Chair-Person, STG Mamio Namens Projekt, Suriname
Christina Possas, PN-DST-AIDS, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
Paulo R. Teixeira, Dr/SES, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Armand Totouom, Programmes Officer/Coordinator, Association SunAids, =20
Douala, Cameroon
Luc Van Leemput, Doctors Without Borders, Brussels, Belgium
Peter Wiessner, Aids Hilfe Munich, Germany
Moacir Wuo, Dr UMC, Mogi Das Cruz, Brazil
Yazdanpanah Yazdan, CNRS, Lille, France
--Apple-Mail-41--560222682
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charset=WINDOWS-1252
<HTML><BODY style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; =
-khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV><DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Today more than 140 organizations and individuals =
wrote to US Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice and USTR head Susan =
Schwab, asking that the United States government not interfer with Thai =
efforts to issue compulsory licenses on AIDS drugs. <SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>The letter follows =
disclosures that the US embassy in Bangkok and the USTR offices in =
Washington, DC have asked the Thailand government to enter into =
negotiations with Merck before they execute a compulsory license on the =
patents for the AIDS drug efavirenz. <SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>The letter follows:</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A =
href=3D"http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/riceschwabthailand21dec=
06.pdf">http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/riceschwabthailand21dec=
06.pdf</A></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A =
href=3D"http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/riceschwabthailand21dec=
06.html">http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/riceschwabthailand21de=
c06.html</A></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">21 =
December 2006</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">U.S. Department of State</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">2201 C Street NW</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Washington, =
DC 20520</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Ambassador Susan Schwab</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top:=
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">United =
States Trade Representative</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">600 17th =
Street, N.W.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Washington, DC 20508</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Dear =
Secretary Rice and Ambassador Schwab:</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">We are =
writing to express our concern that the United States Department of =
State and the United States Trade Representative have intervened in the =
decision by the government of Thailand to issue a compulsory license on =
patents for the AIDS drug efavirenz, and to explain why the US =
government should refrain from such actions.</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The US =
government is reportedly asking the Thai government to engage in prior =
negotiation with patent owners before issuing compulsory licenses. <SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>Not only is this not required =
under the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules when the compulsory =
license is for government use, it is not required under US law.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>What the WTO does require is =
that Thailand "promptly" notify the patent owner when it issues a =
compulsory license.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>Thailand has clearly done this.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>The US government should not =
be in the business of micro-managing Thailand's dealing with the patent =
owners, as long as Thailand abides by its WTO TRIPS =
obligations.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">In 2001 the United States government and every other =
member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) announced the signing of =
the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>This historic agreement =
said:</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; "><begin quote></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0=A0 </SPAN>We agree that the TRIPS =
Agreement does not and should not prevent members from taking measures =
to protect public health. Accordingly, while reiterating our commitment =
to the TRIPS Agreement, we affirm that the Agreement can and should be =
interpreted and implemented in a manner supportive of WTO members' right =
to protect public health and, in particular, to promote access to =
medicines for all.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0=A0 </SPAN>In this connection, we =
reaffirm the right of WTO members to use, to the full, the provisions in =
the TRIPS Agreement, which provide flexibility for this =
purpose.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "></end quote></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Thailand =
is obviously trying to do exactly what the Doha Declaration promised it =
could. Respecting Thailand's decision to exercise its right under the =
Doha declaration is not only a matter of concern for Thai patients in =
need of affordable AIDS treatment, but also a matter of good faith in =
honoring America's international commitments.[1]</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Patient =
advocates and others who are concerned about the AIDS crisis have =
welcomed the compulsory license on efavirenz as a major step forward for =
access to AIDS drugs in Thailand.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0=
</SPAN>Thailand has stood out among developing countries for its =
efforts to expand treatment opportunities for AIDS patients, but the =
high price of newer drugs like efavirenz is a significant hurdle for the =
long term sustainability of AIDS treatment programs in Thailand and =
other developing countries.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Experts who are struggling to =
implement treatment programs in developing countries have concluded that =
it is essential to create a competitive generics market for efavirenz =
and other newer AIDS drugs that are patented in Brazil and other =
markets.[2]</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Brazil did not have patents on medicines until =
1996.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>For those AIDS =
drugs invented before 1996, Brazil continues to purchase generic =
versions.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>This has =
stimulated entry by generic manufacturers, driving the prices of active =
pharmaceuticals ingredients (APIs) down over time.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>For example, the global =
prices of APIs (per kilo) for lamivudine (3TC) fell from more than $25 =
thousand dollars in 1996 to $5 thousand by 1999, to less than $300 by =
2004, illustrating the dynamic nature of cost savings from generic =
competition.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">In contrast, the global prices for products invented =
after 1996, and protected by patent in Brazil, are much more =
expensive.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>This is =
because, contrary to popular misconception, Brazil has not issued =
compulsory licenses, and for AIDS drugs invented after 1996, only buys =
from patent owners at negotiated prices. <SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>In a 2004 study by the World =
Health Organization (WHO), the average API prices for six AIDS drugs =
purchased as generics by Brazil were $382 to $582 per kilo.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>For another six AIDS drugs =
that were patented in Brazil, the average prices for generic APIs were =
$1,717 to $3,020.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>(See =
table below). <SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>This =
illustrates the important role of economies of scale, and the global =
impact of decisions by large purchasers to buy (or not buy) from generic =
suppliers.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Thailand's decision will have important =
consequences, not only for Thailand, but for any developing country that =
needs to obtain low cost generic products.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>If Thailand follows through =
and begins to buy from generic suppliers, it will create a larger global =
market for generic products, stimulate competition, and lower prices =
everywhere for the newer products.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">While the benefits of expanded =
generic competition are widely appreciated among experts, many =
developing countries have been reluctant to issue compulsory licenses =
because of fears that the United States government will oppose such =
actions and exert pressure.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">We note also that the United =
States is itself a major purchaser of AIDS drugs in developing =
countries, through our contributions to PEPFAR and the Global Fund for =
AIDS, TB and Malaria.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>Thus, any action by Thailand to create more generic competition =
for the new AIDS drugs will benefit the US taxpayers who are shouldering =
the burden of these outlays.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Finally, we note that Thailand =
is among the countries that are supporting proposals for a treaty on =
R&D in the World Health Organization (WHO) new Intergovernmental =
Working Group on Public Health and Innovation.<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>We agree with those who =
suggest this is a more appropriate way to address the US interest of =
sharing the global costs of medical R&D than policies that raise =
prices for AIDS drugs and other essential medicines.</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">We ask =
that the United States government refrain from any opposition or =
interference with the Thai efforts to use WTO flexibilities to buy =
generic AIDS medicines -- including pressuring or otherwise seeking to =
persuade Thailand to engage in negotiations with Merck rather than =
proceed to execute the compulsory license it has issued -<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>and consider more =
constructive ways to promote our national interest in matters concerning =
innovation and access to medicines.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">NOTES</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">[1]<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>The USTR has publicly stated =
that its side letters in some Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) give =
countries flexibility to issue TRIPS-compliant/Doha-fulfilling =
compulsory licenses.<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>Efforts by the U.S. to prevent or reverse the actual granting of =
such licenses raises doubts about the credibility of the United States, =
making it more difficult for the United States to achieve other =
objectives in our FTA negotiations.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">[2]<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>See the August 2006, World =
Bank Report, "The Economics of Effective AIDS Treatment: Evaluating =
Policy Options for Thailand."<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>Page169 states "by exercising compulsory licensing to reduce the =
cost of second line therapy by 90 percent, the government would reduce =
its future budgetary obligations by US$3.2 billion discounted through =
2025."</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">2004 =
Prices of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top:=
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Comparison of prices when products are purchased as generics in =
Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> Lowest ($)<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>Highest($)</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =A0 =
</SPAN>Products Brazil buys as generics</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Didanosine (ddI)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 450<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>850</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Indinavir (IDV)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 285<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>400</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Lamivudine (3TC)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 295<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>480</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Nevirapine (NVP)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 320<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>475</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Stavudine (d4T)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 580<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>775</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Zidovudine (AZT)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 360<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>510</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><BR =
class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0=A0 </SPAN>average<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> $ =
382<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span"=
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>$ 582</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><BR =
class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =A0 </SPAN>Products Brazil does not =
buy as generics</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Abacavir (ABC)<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> =
1,500<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> =
</SPAN>3,500</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Efavirenz (EFV)<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> =
1,200<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> =
</SPAN>1,600</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Lopinavir (LPV)<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> =
2,900<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> =
</SPAN>4,000</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Nelfinavir (NFV)<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 900<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>1,400</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Ritonavir (RTV)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 2,600<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>4,320</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Saquinavir (SQV)<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> 1,200<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>3,300</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><BR =
class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0=A0 </SPAN>average<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> $ =
1,717<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN> </SPAN>$ =
3,020</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre"> </SPAN><BR =
class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Source: WHO, =
Sources and Prices of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, 2004. <SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN><A =
href=3D"http://www.who.int/entity/3by5/amds/en/API.pdf">http://www.who.int=
/entity/3by5/amds/en/API.pdf</A></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Sincerely,</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">ACT UP East Bay, Oakland, =
CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">AIDS Policy Project, Philadelphia</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">American =
Jewish World Service</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">American Medical Student =
Association</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Center for Health and Gender Equity =
(CHANGE)</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Center for Policy Analysis on Trade and Health =
(CPATH)</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Church World Service</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Community =
HIV/AIDS Mobilization Project (CHAMP), Los Angeles, CA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Consumer =
Project on Technology (CPTech)</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Corporate Responsibility =
Program, Province of St. Joseph of the Capuchin Order</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Edmonds =
Institute</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Essential Action</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Global AIDS Alliance</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Harm =
Reduction Coalition</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Health Gap</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">International AIDS Empowerment</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Maryknoll Office for Global =
Concerns</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Middle East Children=92s Alliance (MECA)</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">National =
Action Network, Kansas Chapter</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Oxfam America</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Peoples=92=
Health Movement</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Progressive Intellectual Property Law Association =
(PIPLA)</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Results USA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Stop =
HIV/AIDS in India Initiative (SHAII)</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Student Global AIDS =
Campaign</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Treatment Action Group (TAG), New York, NY</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Universities Allied for Essential Medicine (UAEM)</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Malini =
Aisola, CPTech, Washington DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Tali Averbuch, Boston University =
Medical Center, Boston, MA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Professor Brook K. Baker, =
Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy, Northeastern University =
School of Law, Boston, MA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Dean Baker, Co-Director, Center =
for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Jon =
Beckler, paralegal, Stockton, CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Anand Bhat, University of Texas =
Medical Branch MD program, Galveston, TX</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Timothy Boyd, =
Policy Research Assistant, AIDS Healthcare Foundation Los Angeles, =
CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Garrett Brown, Coordinator, Maquiladora Health & =
Safety Support Network, Berkeley, CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Sister Judy Byron, OP, Northwest =
Coalition for Responsible Investment, Seattle, WA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">John =
Celichowski, OFM Cap, Corporate<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>Responsibility Program Province of St. Joseph of the Capuchin =
Order, Milwaukee, WI</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Jennifer Chase, MS, =
Epidemiologist, Fort Collins, CO</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Sae-Rom Chae, University of =
Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine MD program, Chicago, =
IL</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Mardge Cohen MD, Medical Director of WE-ACTx and =
Director of Women's HIV Research, CORE Center, Chicago, IL</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Andee =
Cooper, Uganda Program Manager, Foundation for International Medical =
Relief of Children, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Christine Curry, Loyola =
University MD/PhD Program, Chicago, IL</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Jim Daidson, =
Bellingham, WA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Michael H. Davis, Professor of Law, Cleveland State =
Univ. College of Law and Director of PIPLA, the Progressive Intellectual =
Property Law Association, Cleveland, OH</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Marquita =
Decker, University of Texas Health Science Center MD/MPH program, =
Houston, TX</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Daniel A. del Portal, University of Pennsylvania =
School of Medicine MD program, Philadelphia, PA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Iuliana =
Dit, Wayne State University School of Medicine MD program, Detroit, =
MI</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">S=E9amus Finn, OMI, Director, Justice =
Peace/Integrity of Creation Office, Missionary Oblates of Mary =
Immaculate</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Anna Fiskin, Case Western Reserve University School =
of Medicine MD program, Cleveland, OH</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Sean Flynn, =
Associate Director, Program on Information Justice and Intellectual =
Property, American University, Washington College of Law, Washington, =
DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Alyson D. Follenius, MPH Candidate, The George =
Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services =
Department of<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>Environmental & Occupational Health, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Mena =
Gorre, Public Affairs Manager, AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, =
CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Dr. Vineeta Gupta, Director, Stop HIV/AIDS in India =
Initiative, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Kimberly Hadley, University of =
Kansas School of Medicine MD program, Kansas City, KS</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Hillary =
Hai, Peace Corps Volunteer Thailand, Los Angeles, CA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Nathan =
Heckerson, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, Kansas =
City, KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Ben Herbstman, Weill Medical College of Cornell =
University MD program, New York, NY</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Liza Goldman Huertas, Yale =
School of Medicine MD program, New Haven, CT</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Amit =
Khera, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, =
PA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Jeremy Kirchoff, University of Kansas MD program, =
Lenexa, KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Sathia Krishnamoorthy, Boston, MA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">John =
Iversen, co-founder of the Berkeley Syringe Exchange, Oakland , =
CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Emily Lawson, United States Peace Corps volunteer =
Thailand, Houston, TX</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">QuyChi Le, University of Kansas =
Medical School MD program, Olathe, KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Roberta J. =
Lee, RN,MSN,MPH, Cincinnati, OH</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Alexandra Liggatt, University of =
Kansas Medical School MD program, Kansas City, KS</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Jamison =
Litten, Peace Corps Volunteer, Peace Corps Thailand, Orinda, =
CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Jing Luo, University of Illinois at Chicago College =
of Medicine MD program, Chicago, IL</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Mary Manivong, University of =
Kansas School of Medicine MD program, Kansas City, KS</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">John =
May, University of Kansas, School of Medicine MD program, Kansas City, =
KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Dr David McCoy, B.Med, DrPH, Co-managing Editor =
Global Health Watch</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Aimee McHale, JD, Graduate =
Student, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel =
Hill, NC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Bridget McHenry Ali, Program Manager, The White =
Ribbon Alliance for<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>Safe =
Motherhood, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Ann Mead, Graduate Student, =
George Washington University School of<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>Public Health, Washington, =
DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Jon F. Merz, MBA, JD, PhD, Associate Professor, =
Department of Medical Ethics University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, =
PA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Suerie Moon, Pre-Doctoral Candidate, Harvard =
University=92s John F. Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, =
MA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">James M Nordlund, Communications Director, Kansas =
Chapter of the<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>National =
Action Network, Stockton, KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Amy Nunn, Doctoral Candidate, =
Population and International Health<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0=
</SPAN>Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Jeremy =
Ogusky, Metropolitan Washington Public Health Association, Washington =
DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Delane Olsen, University of Kansas School of =
Medicine MD program, Wichita, KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Kayla Oursler, MPH student, =
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Kevin =
Outterson, Professor of Law, West Virginia University, Hershey, =
PA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Giao Pham, University of Kansas School of Medicine =
MD program, Kansas City, KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Thomas Pogge, Professor of =
Political Science, Columbia University, New York, NY</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Christin =
N. Price, Weill Medical College of Cornell University MD program, New =
York, NY</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Mary M. Puttmann, MSc, Georgetown University MD =
program, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Amit V. Raghavan, University of =
Kansas School of Medicine MD Program,<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>Wichita, KS</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Srividhya Ragavan, Associate Professor of Law, University of Oklahoma =
Law Center, Norman, OK</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Joana Ramos, MSW, Cancer =
Resources & Advocacy, Seattle, WA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Bridget =
Reutener, Graduate student, GW School of Public Health and<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>Health Services, Arlington, =
VA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Daniela Resh, Graduate student, GWU School of Public =
Health and Health Services, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Maria Rishoi, =
Program Assistant, National Association of County and City Health =
Officials, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Rosemary Ryan MMS, MD, Medical =
Mission Sisters Sector North America Coordinator for Mission, =
Philadelphia, PA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Cathy Rowan, Corporate Responsibility Coordinator, =
Maryknoll Sisters, Bronx, NY</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Emily E. Sanders, Legislative =
Assistant, US House of Representatives, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Helena =
M. Sause, OP, Member of the Dominican Sisters' Leadership Team, =
Columbus, OH</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Christie Shrestha, MPH, Clinical Research =
Coordinator, University of<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>Kentucky Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">S. =
Kendall Smith, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, =
Kansas City, MO</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Susan K. Sell, Professor of Political Science and =
International Affairs, the George Washington University, Washington, =
DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Sural Shah, Pennsylvania State University College of =
Medicine MD program, Hershey, PA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">David Sturza, Peace Corps =
Volunteer, Project Specialst, Don Jan District People Living with =
HIV/AIDS (PHA) Group</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Mary Sullivan, Texas Tech =
University Health Sciences Center MD program, El Paso, TX</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Chong =
Kee Tan, CBA Specialist, Asian & Pacfific Islander Wellness Center, =
San Francisco, CA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Sophia Tcheung, Texas Tech University Health =
Sciences Center MD program, Lubbock, Texas</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Blair =
Thedinger, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, Kansas =
City, KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Sharon Treat, Executive Director, National =
Legislative Association on Prescription Drug Prices, Hallowell, =
ME</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Laura Turiano, MS, PA-C, Right to Health Care =
Campaign, People's Health Movement, Oakland, CA</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Robert =
Ullom, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, Kansas City, =
Kansas</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Ashwin Vasan, Program Associate, Partners in Health, =
Ann Arbor, MI</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Daniel Warren, Kansas University School of Medicine, =
Kansas City,<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Margaret Weber, Coordinator of Corporate =
Responsibility, Adrian Dominican Sisters, Adrian, MI</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Kristin =
Wilson, University of Kansas School of Medicine MD program, Kansas City, =
KS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Anne Woodruff, MPH Candidate, The George Washington =
University, Washington, DC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Linda Pang, Thomas Jefferson =
University MD program, Philadelphia, PA</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Nina Yamanis, =
MPH, Graduate Student of Public Health University of<SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 </SPAN>North Carolina at Chapel =
Hill, Chapal Hill, NC</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Lea Zeldin, Editor, Health =
Writers, Madison, WI</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Non-US groups and individuals</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Actions =
Traitements, Paris, France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">ACT UP Paris, France</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Asia =
Pacific Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (APN+), Bangkok, =
Thailand.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Association de Lutte Contre le SIDA (ALCS), =
Morocco</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Association SunAids, Douala, Cameroon</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">European =
AIDS Treatment Group (EATG), Brussels, Belgium</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Fundaci=F3n Apoyo y Solidaridad, Cali, Colombia</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Japanese =
Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (JaNP+), Tokyo, Japan</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Latin =
American Network of PLWHA - RedLa+</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Tuberculosis Television (TBTV), =
Laval, France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Thai AIDS Treatment Action Group (TTAG), Bangkok, =
Thailand</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">World AIDS Campaign, Amsterdam</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Jorge =
Bermudez, ENSP/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Maurice =
Cassier, CNRS, Paris, France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Julien Chauveau, =
researcher/ORS-Inserm, Marseille, France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Benjamin =
Coriat, University Paris XIII, Paris, France</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Bernard =
Couttolenc, PhD / USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">D. Cyrillo, =
Dr/USP, Sao Paul, Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Elize Massard da Fonseca, =
Ministry of Public Health and PHD Candidate, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, =
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; =
"><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Daniel de Beer, Lawyer, Vrij =
Universiteit Brussel, Belgium</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Katy De Clercq, staff member, =
Sensoa, Antwerp, Belgium</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Marcio De Sa, PNDST/AIDS, =
Brasilia, Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">V=E9ronique Dor=E9, Head Social Sciences/ANRS, =
Paris, France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Lia Hasenclever, IE-UFRT, Rio de janeiro, =
Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Naoko Kawana, Advocacy Coordinator, Japanese Network =
of People Living with HIV/AIDS</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Gaelle Krikorian, CRESP, =
University Paris XIII/EHESS/inserm, Paris, France</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Bernard =
Larouze, Inserm, Paris, France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Constance Meiners, MS/SAS, =
Brasilia, Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Jean-Paul Moatti, University de la M=E9diterran=E9e, =
Inserm, Marseille,<SPAN class=3D"Apple-converted-space">=A0 =
</SPAN>France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Mulumba Moses, The Law Development Centre, Kampala =
Uganda</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Heeseob Nam, Chairperson, Patent Attorney / =
Intellectual Property Left, Horizon Law Group, Seoul, Republic of =
Korea</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Fabienne Orsi, University Paris XIII, Paris, =
France</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Ethel Pengel, Chair-Person, STG Mamio Namens =
Projekt, Suriname</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Christina Possas, PN-DST-AIDS, Ministry of Health, =
Brasilia, Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Paulo R. Teixeira, Dr/SES, Sao Paulo, =
Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Armand Totouom, Programmes Officer/Coordinator, =
Association SunAids, Douala, Cameroon</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Luc Van =
Leemput, Doctors Without Borders, Brussels, Belgium</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Peter =
Wiessner, Aids Hilfe Munich, Germany</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Moacir Wuo, Dr UMC, Mogi Das =
Cruz, Brazil</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Yazdanpanah Yazdan, CNRS, Lille, France</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV> =
</DIV><BR></DIV><BR></BODY></HTML>=
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