[Hague-jur-commercial-law] The Hague Convention on Choice of Courts Agreement is done
Manon Ress
manon.ress@cptech.org
Thu, 30 Jun 2005 11:20:49 -0400
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As of today there is a Hague Convention on Choice of Court =20
Agreements. The final text will be available soon (?) but it will =20
probably look a lot like yesterday's Working Document No 88E.
No big surprises. Here is a selection of interesting articles:
SNIP
Article 2 Exclusions from scope
1. The Convention shall not apply to exclusive choice of court =20
agreements =96
a) to which a natural person acting primarily for =20
personal, family or household purposes (a consumer) is a party;
b) relating to contracts of employment, including =20
collective agreements.
2. The Convention shall not apply to the following matters =96
a) the status and legal capacity of natural persons;
b) maintenance obligations;
c) other family law matters, including matrimonial =20
property regimes and other rights or obligations arising out of =20
marriage or similar relationships;
d) wills and succession;
e) insolvency, composition and analogous matters;
f) the carriage of passengers and goods;
f bis) marine pollution, limitation of liability for =20
maritime claims, general average, contracts for the construction and =20
sale of ships concluded by the builder of the ship, and emergency =20
towage and salvage;
g) anti-trust (competition) matters;
h) liability for nuclear damage;
x) claims for personal injury brought by or on behalf of =20
natural persons;
y) tort or delict claims for damage to tangible property =20
that do not arise from a contractual relationship;
i) rights in rem in immovable property, and tenancies of =20
immovable property;
j) the validity, nullity, or dissolution of legal persons, =20=
and the validity of decisions of their organs;
k) the validity of intellectual property rights other than =20=
copyright or related rights;
k bis) infringement of intellectual property rights other =20
than copyright or related rights, except where infringement =20
proceedings are brought for breach of a contract between the parties =20
relating to such rights, or could have been brought for breach of =20
that contract;
l) the validity of entries in public registers.
3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, proceedings are not excluded =20
from the scope of the Convention where a matter excluded under that =20
paragraph arises merely as a preliminary question and not as an =20
object of the proceedings. In particular, the mere fact that a matter =20=
excluded under paragraph 2 arises by way of defence does not exclude =20
proceedings from this Convention, if that matter is not an object of =20
the proceedings.
4. The Convention shall not apply to arbitration and related =20
proceedings.
5. Proceedings are not excluded from the scope of the Convention =20=
by the mere fact that a State, including a government, a governmental =20=
agency or any person acting for a State, is a party thereto.
6. Nothing in this Convention shall affect privileges and =20
immunities of States, or of international organisations, in respect =20
of themselves and of their property.
SNIP
Article 3 Exclusive choice of court agreements
For the purposes of this Convention,
a) =93exclusive choice of court agreement=94 means an agreement =
concluded =20
by two or more parties that meets the requirements of paragraph c) =20
and designates, for the purpose of deciding disputes which have =20
arisen or may arise in connection with a particular legal =20
relationship, the courts of one Contracting State or one or more =20
specific courts in one Contracting State to the exclusion of the =20
jurisdiction of any other courts;
b) a choice of court agreement which designates the courts of one =20
Contracting State or one or more specific courts in one Contracting =20
State shall be deemed to be exclusive unless the parties have =20
expressly provided otherwise;
c) an exclusive choice of court agreement must be concluded or =20
documented =96
i) in writing; or
ii) by any other means of communication which renders =20
information accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference;
d) an exclusive choice of court agreement that forms part of a =20
contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of the other =20
terms of the contract. The validity of the exclusive choice of court =20
agreement cannot be contested solely on the ground that the contract =20
is not valid.
SNIP
chapter ii jurisdiction
Article 5 Jurisdiction of the chosen court
1. The court or courts of a Contracting State designated in an =20
exclusive choice of court agreement shall have jurisdiction to decide =20=
a dispute to which the agreement applies, unless the agreement is =20
null and void under the law of that State.
2. A court that has jurisdiction under paragraph 1 shall not =20
decline to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the dispute =20
should be decided in a court of another State.
3. The preceding paragraphs shall not affect rules =96
a) on jurisdiction related to subject matter or to the value of the =20
claim;
b) on the internal allocation of jurisdiction among the courts of a =20
Contracting State. However, where the chosen court has discretion as =20=
to whether to transfer a case, due consideration should be given to =20
the choice of the parties.
Article 7 Obligations of a court not chosen
A court in a Contracting State other than that of the chosen court =20
shall suspend or dismiss proceedings to which an exclusive choice of =20
court agreement applies unless =96
a) the agreement is null and void under the law of the State of the =20
chosen court;
b) a party lacked the capacity to conclude the agreement under the =20
law of the State of the court seised;
c) giving effect to the agreement would lead to a manifest injustice =20
or would be manifestly contrary to the public policy of the State of =20
the court seised;
d) for exceptional reasons beyond the control of the parties, the =20
agreement cannot reasonably be performed; or
e) the chosen court has decided not to hear the case.
Article 8 Interim measures of protection
Interim measures of protection are not governed by this Convention. =20
This Convention neither requires nor precludes the grant, refusal or =20
termination of interim measures of protection by a Court of a =20
Contracting State and does not affect whether or not a party may =20
request or a court should grant, refuse or terminate such measures.
chapter iii recognition and enforcement
Article 9 Recognition and enforcement
1. A judgment given by a court of a Contracting State designated =20=
in an exclusive choice of court agreement shall be recognised and =20
enforced in other Contracting States in accordance with this Chapter. =20=
Recognition or enforcement may be refused only on the grounds =20
specified in this Convention.
2. Without prejudice to such review as is necessary for the =20
application of the provisions of this Chapter, there shall be no =20
review of the merits of the judgment given by the court of origin. =20
The court addressed shall be bound by the findings of fact on which =20
the court of origin based its jurisdiction, unless the judgment was =20
given by default.
3. A judgment shall be recognised only if it has effect in the =20
State of origin, and shall be enforced only if it is enforceable in =20
the State of origin.
4. Recognition or enforcement may be postponed or refused if the =20=
judgment is the subject of review in the State of origin or if the =20
time limit for seeking ordinary review has not expired. A refusal =20
does not prevent a subsequent application for recognition or =20
enforcement of the judgment.
5. This Article shall also apply to a judgment given by a court =20
of a Contracting State pursuant to a transfer of the case from the =20
chosen court in that Contracting State as permitted by Article 5, =20
paragraph 3. However where the chosen court had discretion as to =20
whether to transfer the case to another court, recognition or =20
enforcement of the judgment may be refused against a party who =20
objected to the transfer in a timely manner in the State of origin.
Article 9 bis Refusal of recognition and enforcement
Recognition or enforcement may be refused if =96
a) the agreement was null and void under the law of the State of the =20
chosen court, unless the chosen court has determined that the =20
agreement is valid;
b) a party lacked the capacity to conclude the agreement under the =20
law of the requested State;
c) the document which instituted the proceedings or an equivalent =20
document, including the essential elements of the claim,
i) was not notified to the defendant in sufficient time =20
and in such a way as to enable him to arrange for his defence, unless =20=
the defendant entered an appearance and presented his case without =20
contesting notification in the court of origin, provided that the law =20=
of the State of origin permitted notification to be contested, or
ii) was notified to the defendant in the requested State =20
in a manner that is incompatible with fundamental principles of the =20
requested State concerning service of documents;
d) the judgment was obtained by fraud in connection with a matter of =20
procedure;
e) recognition or enforcement would be manifestly incompatible with =20
the public policy of the requested State, including situations where =20
the specific proceedings leading to the judgment were incompatible =20
with fundamental principles of procedural fairness of that State;
f) the judgment is inconsistent with a judgment given in the =20
requested State in a dispute between the same parties; or
g) the judgment is inconsistent with an earlier judgment given in =20
another State between the same parties and involving the same cause =20
of action, provided that the earlier judgment fulfils the conditions =20
necessary for its recognition in the requested State.
Article 10 Preliminary questions
1. Where a matter excluded under Article 2, paragraph 2, or =20
under Article 20, arose as a preliminary question, the ruling on that =20=
question shall not be recognised and enforced under this Convention.
2. Recognition or enforcement of a judgment may be refused if, =20
and to the extent that, the judgment was based on a ruling on a =20
matter excluded under Article 2, paragraph 2.
3. However, in the case of a ruling on the validity of an =20
intellectual property right, other than copyright or related rights, =20
recognition or enforcement of a judgment may be refused or postponed =20
under the preceding paragraph only where -
a) that ruling is inconsistent with a judgment or a =20
decision of a competent authority on that matter given in the State =20
under the law of which the intellectual property right arose, or
b) proceedings concerning the validity of the intellectual =20=
property right are pending in that State.
4. Recognition or enforcement of a judgment may be refused if, =20
and to the extent that, the judgment was based on a ruling on a =20
matter excluded under a declaration made by the requested State =20
according to Article 20.
Article 15 Damages
1. Recognition or enforcement of a judgment may be refused if, =20
and to the extent that, the judgment awards damages, including =20
exemplary or punitive damages, that do not compensate a party for =20
actual loss or harm suffered.
2. The court addressed shall take into account whether and to =20
what extent the damages awarded by the court of origin serve to cover =20=
costs and expenses relating to the proceedings.
Article 12 Judicial Settlements (transactions judiciaires)
Judicial settlements (transactions judiciaires) which a court of a =20
Contracting State designated in an exclusive choice of court =20
agreement has approved, or which have been concluded before that =20
court in the course of proceedings, and which are enforceable in the =20
same manner as a judgment in the State of origin, shall be enforced =20
under this Convention in the same manner as a judgment.
SNIP
Article 20 Declarations with respect to specific matters
1. Where a State has a strong interest in not applying the =20
Convention to a specific matter, that State may declare that it will =20
not apply the Convention to that matter. The State making such a =20
declaration shall ensure that the declaration is no broader than =20
necessary and that the specific matter excluded is clearly and =20
precisely defined.
2. With regard to that matter, the Convention shall not apply -
a) in the Contracting State that made the declaration;
b) in other Contracting States, where an exclusive choice of court =20
agreement designates the courts, or one or more specific courts, of =20
the State that made the declaration.
Article Q Reciprocal declarations on recognition and enforcement of =20
judgments based on non-exclusive choice of court agreements
1. A Contracting State may declare that its courts will =20
recognise and enforce judgments given by courts of other Contracting =20
States designated in a choice of court agreement concluded by two or =20
more parties that meets the requirements of Article 3, paragraph c), =20
and designates, for the purpose of deciding disputes which have =20
arisen or may arise in connection with a particular legal =20
relationship, a court or courts in one or more Contracting States (a =20
non-exclusive choice of court agreement).
2. Where recognition or enforcement of a judgment given in a =20
Contracting State that has made such a declaration is sought in =20
another Contracting State that has made such a declaration, the =20
judgment shall be recognised and enforced under this Convention, if -
a) the court of origin was designated in a non-exclusive =20
choice of court agreement,
b) there exists neither a judgment given by any other =20
court before which proceedings could be brought in accordance with =20
the non-exclusive choice of court agreement, nor a proceeding pending =20=
between the same parties in any other such court on the same cause of =20=
action, and
c) the court of origin was the court first seised.
SNIPArticle 22 Non-unified legal system
1. In relation to a Contracting State in which two or more =20
systems of law apply in different territorial units with regard to =20
any matter dealt with in this Convention =96
a) any reference to the law or procedure of a State shall be =20
construed as referring, where appropriate, to the law or procedure in =20=
force in the relevant territorial unit;
b) any reference to residence in a State shall be construed as =20
referring, where appropriate, to residence in the relevant =20
territorial unit;
c) any reference to the court or courts of a State shall be construed =20=
as referring, where appropriate, to the court or courts in the =20
relevant territorial unit;
d) any reference to a connection with a State shall be construed as =20
referring, where appropriate, to a connection with the relevant =20
territorial unit.
2. Notwithstanding the preceding paragraph, a Contracting State =20
with two or more territorial units in which different systems of law =20
apply shall not be bound to apply this Convention to situations =20
which, including the location of the chosen court, involve solely =20
such different territorial units.
3. A court in a territorial unit of a Contracting State with two =20=
or more territorial units in which different systems of law apply =20
shall not be bound to recognise or enforce a judgment from another =20
Contracting State solely because the judgment has been recognised or =20
enforced in another territorial unit of the same Contracting State =20
under this Convention.
4. This Article shall not apply to a Regional Economic Integration =20
Organisation.
chapter v final clauses
Article 23 =96 Relationship with other international instruments
1. This Convention shall be interpreted so far as possible =20
to be compatible with other treaties in force in Contracting States, =20
whether entered into before or after this Convention.
2. This Convention shall not affect the application of a =20
treaty in force in a Contracting State, whether concluded before or =20
after this Convention, in cases where none of the parties is resident =20=
in a Contracting State that is not a party to the treaty.
3. This Convention shall not affect the application by a =20
Contracting State of any treaty that was concluded before this =20
Convention entered into force for that Contracting State, if applying =20=
this Convention would be inconsistent with the obligations of that =20
Contracting State to any non-Contracting State. This paragraph also =20
applies to treaties that revise or replace a treaty concluded before =20
this Convention entered into force for that Contracting State, except =20=
to the extent that the revision or replacement creates new =20
inconsistencies with this Convention.
4. This Convention shall not affect the application of a =20=
treaty in force in a Contracting State, whether concluded before or =20
after this Convention, for the purposes of obtaining recognition or =20
enforcement of a judgment given by a court of a Contracting State =20
that is also a party to that treaty. However, the judgment shall not =20
be recognised or enforced to a lesser extent than under this Convention.
--Apple-Mail-1-103729213
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<HTML><BODY style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; =
-khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">As of today there is a Hague =
Convention on Choice of Court Agreements.=A0 =A0The final text will be =
available soon (?) but it will probably look a lot like yesterday's=A0 =
Working Document No 88E.</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><BR =
class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">No big =
surprises. =A0Here is a selection of interesting articles:</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; "><BR class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">=A0 SNIP</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 2 <SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Exclusions from scope<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">1.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>The Convention shall not apply to exclusive choice of =
court agreements=A0=96<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 </SPAN>to which a natural person acting primarily for personal, =
family or household purposes (a consumer) is a party; </SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 </SPAN>relating to contracts of employment, including collective =
agreements.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">2.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>The Convention shall not apply to the following =
matters=A0=96<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>the =
status and legal capacity of natural persons;</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 </SPAN>maintenance obligations;</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>c)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 </SPAN>other family law matters, including matrimonial property =
regimes and other rights or obligations arising out of marriage or =
similar relationships;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>d)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>wills =
and succession;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>e)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>insolvency, composition and analogous matters;</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><I>f)</I><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-US">the carriage =
of passengers and goods;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListContinue2"><SPAN=
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>f bis</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">)<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>marine pollution, limitation of liability for maritime claims, =
general average, contracts for the construction and sale of ships =
concluded by the builder of the ship, and emergency towage and =
salvage;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>g)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>anti-trust (competition) matters;</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>h)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 </SPAN>liability for nuclear damage;</SPAN></DIV><P =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D""><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D""><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px; line-height: =
18px;"><I>x)</I></SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D""><SPAN=
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px; line-height: 18px;">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px; line-height: 18px;">claims for personal =
injury brought by or on behalf of natural persons;</SPAN></FONT><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px; line-height: =
18px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P><DIV class=3D"MsoNormal"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D""><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;"><I>y)</I></SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D""><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">tort or delict claims for damage to =
tangible property that do not arise from a contractual =
relationship;</SPAN></FONT><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><I>i)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>rights <I>in rem </I></SPAN><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-US">in immovable property, and tenancies =
of immovable property;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>j)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>the =
validity, nullity, or dissolution of legal persons, and the validity of =
decisions of their organs;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>k)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>the =
validity of intellectual property rights other than copyright or related =
rights;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListContinue2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>k bis</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">)<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>infringement of intellectual property rights other than copyright =
or related rights, except where infringement proceedings are brought for =
breach of a contract between the parties relating to such rights, or =
could have been brought for breach of that contract; </SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>l)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 </SPAN>the validity of entries in public =
registers.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoNormal"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB" =
style=3D""><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Verdana" =
size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;">=A0</SPAN></FONT><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">3.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Notwithstanding paragraph 2, proceedings are not =
excluded from the scope of the Convention where a matter excluded under =
that paragraph arises merely as a preliminary question and not as an =
object of the proceedings. In particular, the mere fact that a matter =
excluded under paragraph 2 arises by way of defence does not exclude =
proceedings from this Convention, if that matter is not an object of the =
proceedings.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">4.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>The Convention shall =
not apply to arbitration and related =
proceedings.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">5.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Proceedings are not =
excluded from the scope of the Convention by the mere fact that a State, =
including a government, a governmental agency or any person acting for a =
State, is a party thereto.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">6.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Nothing in this Convention shall affect privileges and =
immunities of States, or of international organisations, in respect of =
themselves and of their property.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; ">SNIP</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 3<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Exclusive choice of court agreements<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoBodyText"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">For the purposes of this Convention, =
<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>=93exclusive choice of court =
agreement=94 means an agreement concluded by two or more parties that =
meets the requirements of paragraph <I>c)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"> =
and designates, for the purpose of deciding disputes which have arisen =
or may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship, the =
courts of one Contracting State or one or more specific courts in one =
Contracting State to the exclusion of the jurisdiction of any other =
courts;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>a choice of court agreement which =
designates the courts of one Contracting State or one or more specific =
courts in one Contracting State shall be deemed to be exclusive unless =
the parties have expressly provided otherwise;</SPAN></DIV><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D""><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;"><I><BR clear=3D"ALL" =
style=3D"mso-column-break-before: always"></I></SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;"><I> =
</I></SPAN></FONT><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>c)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>an exclusive choice of court agreement =
must be concluded or documented =96</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>i)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 </SPAN>in writing; or </SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>ii)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>by =
any other means of communication which renders information accessible so =
as to be usable for subsequent reference;</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>d)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>an exclusive =
choice of court agreement that forms part of a contract shall be treated =
as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract. The =
validity of the exclusive choice of court agreement cannot be contested =
solely on the ground that the contract is not valid.</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ">=A0<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><D=
IV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; ">SNIP</DIV><H2 style=3D""><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D""><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;">chapter ii</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;">jurisdiction</SPAN></FONT><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></H2><DIV =
class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 5<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Jurisdiction of the </SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">chosen</SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ"> =
court<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">1.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>The court or courts of a Contracting State designated =
in an exclusive choice of court agreement shall have jurisdiction to =
decide a dispute to which the agreement applies, unless the agreement is =
null and void under the law of that State.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">2.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>A court that has jurisdiction under paragraph 1 shall =
not decline to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the dispute =
should be decided in a court of another State. =
<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">3.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>The preceding paragraphs shall not affect rules =
=96<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>on jurisdiction related to subject =
matter or to the value of the claim; </SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>on the internal =
allocation of jurisdiction among the courts of a Contracting State.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">=A0 </SPAN>However, where the chosen court =
has discretion as to whether to transfer a case, due consideration =
should be given to the choice of the parties.<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">=A0 </SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 7<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Obligations of a court not chosen<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><P =
class=3D"PBnormal" =
style=3D"margin-bottom:6.0pt;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops: .75in =
56.7pt"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">A court =
in a Contracting State other than that of the chosen court shall suspend =
or dismiss proceedings to which an exclusive choice of court agreement =
applies unless=A0=96</SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>the agreement is null and void under =
the law of the State of the chosen court; </SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>a party lacked =
the capacity to conclude the agreement under the law of the State of the =
court seised;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>c)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>giving effect to the agreement would =
lead to a manifest injustice or would be manifestly contrary to the =
public policy of the State of the court seised;</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>d)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>for exceptional =
reasons beyond the control of the parties, the agreement cannot =
reasonably be performed; or</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN=
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>e)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>the chosen court has decided not to =
hear the case.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 8<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Interim measures of </SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB">protection</SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoBodyText"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Interim measures of protection are not =
governed by this Convention. This Convention neither requires nor =
precludes the grant, refusal or termination of interim measures of =
protection by a Court of a Contracting State and does not affect whether =
or not a party may request or a court should grant, refuse or terminate =
such measures.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><P class=3D"MsoBodyText" =
style=3D"tab-stops:27.0pt 28.35pt"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">=A0<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><H2 =
style=3D""><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D""><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">chapter iii</SPAN></FONT><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">recognition and =
enforcement</SPAN></FONT><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN=
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></H2><DIV =
class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 9<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">Recognition</SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"> and =
enforcement<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">1.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>A judgment given by a =
court of a Contracting State designated in an exclusive choice of court =
agreement shall be recognised and enforced in other Contracting States =
in accordance with this Chapter. Recognition or enforcement may be =
refused only on the grounds=A0specified in this =
Convention.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">2.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Without prejudice to =
such review as is necessary for the application of the provisions of =
this Chapter, there shall be no review of the merits of the judgment =
given by the court of origin. The court addressed shall be bound by the =
findings of fact on which the court of origin based its jurisdiction, =
unless the judgment was given by default.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">3.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>A judgment shall be recognised only if it has effect in =
the State of origin, and shall be enforced only if it is enforceable in =
the State of origin.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">4.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Recognition or =
enforcement may be postponed or refused if the judgment is the subject =
of review in the State of origin or if the time limit for seeking =
ordinary review has not expired. A refusal does not prevent a subsequent =
application for recognition or enforcement of the =
judgment.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">5.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>This Article shall also =
apply to a judgment given by a court of a Contracting State pursuant to =
a transfer of the case from the chosen court in that Contracting State =
as permitted by Article 5, paragraph 3. However where the chosen court =
had discretion as to whether to transfer the case to another court, =
recognition or enforcement of the judgment may be refused against a =
party who objected to the transfer in a timely manner in the State of =
origin.<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">=A0 =
</SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"=
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 9 </SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"">bis</SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Refusal of recognition and =
enforcement<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoBodyText"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Recognition or =
enforcement may be refused if=A0 =96<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>the agreement was =
null and void under the law of the State of the chosen court, unless the =
chosen court has determined that the agreement is =
valid;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>a party lacked the capacity to =
conclude the agreement under the law of the requested =
State;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>c)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>the document which instituted the =
proceedings or an equivalent document, including the essential elements =
of the claim,</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB"><I>i)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>was =
not notified to the defendant in sufficient time and in such a way as to =
enable him to arrange for his defence, unless the defendant entered an =
appearance and presented his case without contesting notification in the =
court of origin, provided that the law of the State of origin permitted =
notification to be contested, or</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN=
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>ii)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>was =
notified to the defendant in the requested State in a manner that is =
incompatible with fundamental principles of the requested State =
concerning service of documents;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>d)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>the judgment was =
obtained by fraud in connection with a matter of procedure; =
</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>e)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>recognition or enforcement would be =
manifestly incompatible with the public policy of the requested State, =
including situations where the specific proceedings leading to the =
judgment were incompatible with fundamental principles of procedural =
fairness of that State;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>f)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>the judgment is inconsistent with a =
judgment given in the requested State in a dispute between the same =
parties; or</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ">g)<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN>the judgment is =
inconsistent with an earlier judgment given in another State between the =
same parties and involving the same cause of action, provided that the =
earlier judgment fulfils the conditions necessary for its recognition in =
the requested State.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"Article"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 10<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Preliminary </SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">questions</SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language: =
EN-NZ"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"=
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">1.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Where a matter excluded under Article 2, paragraph 2, =
or under Article 20, arose as a preliminary question, the ruling on that =
question shall not be recognised and enforced under this =
Convention.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">2.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Recognition or =
enforcement of a judgment may be refused if, and to the extent that, the =
judgment was based on a ruling on a matter excluded under Article 2, =
paragraph 2. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">3.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>However, in the case of =
a ruling on the validity of an intellectual property right, other than =
copyright or related rights, recognition or enforcement of a judgment =
may be refused or postponed under the preceding paragraph only where - =
<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>a)</I><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">that ruling is inconsistent with a =
judgment or a decision of a competent authority on that matter given in =
the State under the law of which the intellectual property right arose, =
or <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>b)</I><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">proceedings concerning the validity of =
the intellectual property right are pending in that =
State.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">4.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Recognition or enforcement of a judgment may be refused =
if, and to the extent that, the judgment was based on a ruling on a =
matter excluded under a declaration made by the requested State =
according to Article 20.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 15<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Damages<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">1.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Recognition or =
enforcement of a judgment may be refused if, and to the extent that, the =
judgment awards damages, including exemplary or punitive damages, that =
do not compensate a party for actual loss or harm =
suffered.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">2.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>The court addressed =
shall take into account whether and to what extent the damages awarded =
by the court of origin serve to cover costs and expenses relating to the =
proceedings.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"Article"><SPAN =
lang=3D"FR" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:FR">Article 12<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Judicial Settlements (transactions =
judiciaires)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoBodyText"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Judicial settlements =
(<I>transactions judiciaires)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"> which a court of a Contracting State =
designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement has approved, or =
which have been concluded before that court in the course of =
proceedings, and which are enforceable in the same manner as a judgment =
in the State of origin, shall be enforced under this Convention in the =
same manner as a judgment.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR =
class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; ">SNIP</DIV><DIV class=3D"Article"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">Article 20<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Declarations with respect to specific =
matters<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"=
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">1.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Where a State has a strong interest in not applying the =
Convention to a specific matter, that State may declare that it will not =
apply the Convention to that matter. The State making such a declaration =
shall ensure that the declaration is no broader than necessary and that =
the specific matter excluded is clearly and precisely =
defined.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><P class=3D"MsoList" style=3D"text-indent:=
-36px;margin-left: 45pt; "><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ">2.<SPAN style=3D"font:7.0pt "Times =
New Roman"">=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">With regard to that matter, the =
Convention shall not apply -<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><P class=3D"PBnormal" =
style=3D"text-indent: 0px;margin-bottom: 6pt; "><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> =
</SPAN>in the Contracting State that made the =
declaration;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><P class=3D"PBnormal" =
style=3D"margin-bottom:6.0pt;tab-stops:27.0pt"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> =
</SPAN>in other Contracting States, where an exclusive choice of court =
agreement designates the courts, or one or more specific courts, of the =
State that made the declaration.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><P =
class=3D"PBnormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:6.0pt;tab-stops:27.0pt"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">=A0<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><DIV =
class=3D"MsoBodyText"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>Article Q </I><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"> </SPAN><I>Reciprocal declarations on =
recognition and enforcement of judgments based on non-exclusive choice =
of court agreements</I><I><O:P></O:P></I></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">1.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>A Contracting State may declare that its courts will =
recognise and enforce judgments given by courts of other Contracting =
States designated in a choice of court agreement concluded by two or =
more parties that meets the requirements of Article 3, paragraph =
<I>c)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">, =
and designates, for the purpose of deciding disputes which have arisen =
or may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship, a court =
or courts in one or more Contracting States (a non-exclusive choice of =
court agreement). <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">2.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Where recognition or =
enforcement of a judgment given in a Contracting State that has made =
such a declaration is sought in another Contracting State that has made =
such a declaration, the judgment shall be recognised and enforced under =
this Convention, if=A0- <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>a)</I></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>the =
court of origin was designated in a non-exclusive choice of court =
agreement, <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>b)</I></SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ" style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>there =
exists neither a judgment given by any other court before which =
proceedings could be brought in accordance with the non-exclusive choice =
of court agreement, nor a proceeding pending between the same parties in =
any other such court on the same cause of action, =
and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList2"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ"><I>c)</I><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-NZ">the court of origin was the court =
first seised.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; ">SNIP<SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">Article =
22<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>Non-unified legal system</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB">1.<SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN>In relation to a Contracting State in which two or more systems =
of law apply in different territorial units with regard to any matter =
dealt with in this Convention =96</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>a)</I><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ">any =
reference to the law or procedure of a State shall be construed as =
referring, where appropriate, to the law or procedure in force in the =
relevant territorial unit;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>b)</I><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I> =
</I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ">any reference to residence in a =
State shall be construed as referring, where appropriate, to residence =
in the relevant territorial unit;</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>c)</I><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ">any =
reference to the court or courts of a State shall be construed as =
referring, where appropriate, to the court or courts in the relevant =
territorial unit;</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoListBullet"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-NZ"><I>d)</I><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><I> =
</I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-NZ">any reference to a connection =
with a State shall be construed as referring, where appropriate, to a =
connection with the relevant territorial unit.</SPAN></DIV><DIV =
class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">2.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>Notwithstanding the =
preceding paragraph, a Contracting State with two or more territorial =
units in which different systems of law apply shall not be bound to =
apply this Convention to situations which, including the location of the =
chosen court, involve solely such different territorial =
units.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class=3D"MsoList"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">3.<SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN>A court in a =
territorial unit of a Contracting State with two or more territorial =
units in which different systems of law apply shall not be bound to =
recognise or enforce a judgment from another Contracting State solely =
because the judgment has been recognised or enforced in another =
territorial unit of the same Contracting State under this =
Convention.</SPAN></DIV><P class=3D"MsoBodyText2" style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-bottom: 6pt; "><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D""><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">4.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN =
style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;">This Article shall not apply to a Regional Economic =
Integration Organisation.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">=A0 =
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P><DIV class=3D"PBnormal" =
style=3D"text-align: auto;"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB">=A0<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><H2 =
style=3D"mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:27.0pt 85.05pt"><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D""><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;">chapter v</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style=3D"mso-tab-count:1"><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 12.6667px;">final =
clauses</SPAN></FONT><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"3"><SPAN =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
12.6667px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></H2><P class=3D"MsoSubtitle" =
style=3D"margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: =
12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB" =
style=3D"mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Article 23 =96 Relationship with other =
international instruments<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><P class=3D"MsoList" =
style=3D"text-indent: -37px;margin-left: 28.35pt; "><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB">1.<SPAN style=3D"font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">This Convention shall =
be interpreted so far as possible to be compatible with other treaties =
in force in Contracting States, whether entered into before or after =
this Convention.</SPAN></P><P class=3D"MsoList" style=3D"text-indent: =
-37px;margin-left: 28.35pt; "><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">2.<SPAN =
style=3D"font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">This Convention shall not affect the =
application of a treaty in force in a Contracting State, whether =
concluded before or after this Convention, in cases where none of the =
parties is resident in a Contracting State that is not a party to the =
treaty. </SPAN></P><P class=3D"MsoList" style=3D"text-indent: =
-37px;margin-left: 28.35pt; "><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">3.<SPAN =
style=3D"font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB">This Convention shall not affect the =
application by a Contracting State of any treaty that was concluded =
before this Convention entered into force for that Contracting State, if =
applying this Convention would be inconsistent with the obligations of =
that Contracting State to any non-Contracting State. This paragraph also =
applies to treaties that revise or replace a treaty concluded before =
this Convention entered into force for that Contracting State, except to =
the extent that the revision or replacement creates new inconsistencies =
with this Convention. </SPAN></P><P class=3D"PBnormal" =
style=3D"text-indent: 0px;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; =
margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0in; "><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB" =
style=3D"">4.<SPAN style=3D"font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D"">This =
Convention shall not affect the application of a treaty in force in a =
Contracting State, whether concluded before or after this Convention, =
for the purposes of obtaining recognition or enforcement of a judgment =
given by a court of a Contracting State that is also a party to that =
treaty. However, the judgment shall not be recognised or enforced to a =
lesser extent than under this Convention.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><SPAN =
lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D""><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Times =
New Roman" size=3D"4"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size:=
16px;"><BR clear=3D"ALL" =
style=3D"mso-special-character:line-break;mso-column-break-before:always">=
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Times New =
Roman" size=3D"4"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
16px;"> </SPAN></FONT><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR =
class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: =
14px; "><BR class=3D"khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV></BODY></HTML>=
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